In India, the first instinct of economists in times of crisis is to slash defence allocations. Superficially, it may also appear to be the most logical thing to do - after all, with the economy not growing adequately, with inflation running higher than growth and a burgeoning deficit to add to the cup of woes, defence cannot but avert the inevitable hit. In fact, when faced with the larger challenges of balancing austerity and populism, inflation and growth, fiscal balance and welfare expenditure, defence, it is argued, can at best be a peripheral consideration. Developments in the western world are also cited to illustrate as to how in an environment of economic austerity, defence cuts are becoming inevitable globally ( proposed job cuts in UK’s armed forces built around redundancies and the impact on defence of the ongoing sequester cuts in USA are offered as examples). So the recent cuts by the union finance ministry seem to be appropriate - slashes to the tune of Rs 10,000 crores from the RE for capital allocations in defence for FY 2012-13 and now in the BE for 2013-14 increased allocations by a mere 5 % (lowest ever) as against 16 % last year. This article questions the wisdom of doing so and attributes such a response to some rather lazy, dated thinking. It further argues that in both good times and bad, the economics of national security merits far greater examination with defence allocations and hedging strategies being conjointly evolved in relation to our national security concerns & aspirations. It is just not enough to cut the defence cloth to the economy’s size ; the cloth must instead be tailored in accordance with looming threats through enablers like strategic guidance and a smarter response strategy.
First and foremost, cuts in defence allocations need to be made after deep debates and a thorough professional analysis of the threat – capability – intent matrix ; they need to be driven by an incisive analysis of the strategic neighbourhood, as also far greater thoughtfulness & coordination and not by cold economic imperatives alone. The urge to find money for other affairs of the state must be intelligently balanced against the need to secure the state against strategic uncertainties. There is need for far greater sophistry than the predictable responses that seem to have become the new norm - in good times assert that money will always be found for legitimate defence needs and increased allocations because the ministry of defence finds it difficult to expend even the amounts allocated and in bad times express inability to provide the necessary money because it is simply not available. These changing rationales & themes to explain inadequate allocations for defence, even as the combat differentials with our most obvious adversaries continue to decline ( the Chinese defence budget now growing in size to three to four times that of the Indian defence budget) are obviously a source for worry. In the final analysis, these rationales will matter little, because in deterrence and in possible conflict the clinching metric is always that of credible capacities / combat readiness, with the rationales at best providing the explanatory footnote.
It is also necessary to dispel the impression that electoral politics and national security have little or at best a very distant connect. This recent example from UK may help. Gordon Brown, when Chancellor of the Exchequer imposed a series of austerity cuts with a particular fondness for defence. A few years later, now PM Gordon Brown was faced with the global economic slowdown which given his facility with economics he negotiated rather well ; what did him in however, was the war in Afghanistan where inadequacies due to the spending cuts had begun to manifest. UK witnessed the embarrassing spectacle of the PM having to field feeble and public responses to the questions of a widow here and a mother there, as to why helicopters were not available in adequate numbers and why equipment inadequacies were so widespread. In the subsequent elections, Gordon Brown lost, not because he managed the economy badly, but more so, because of the widespread perception that he had underfunded and mismanaged the war effort in Afghanistan. Economics therefore has an intimate connect with national security and sometimes with grim electoral consequences. The practice of prudent politics demands that in matters of national security we harmonise the rationale for spending cuts with the imperatives of combat preparedness with far greater thought and care.
There is also a need for greater acuity while citing examples of defence rollbacks from the West. Firstly, the threat dynamic is entirely different - defence rollbacks in UK and USA will merely impinge on the force projection capacities of the two armed forces - contracting military capacities to respond to crises in future global hotspots, miles and miles away from their shores. Does India have similar luxuries - the option of either weakening its deterrence or not offering robust defence to the very proximate threats in our neighbourhood ? In the case of the West, rollbacks in defence constrict foreign policy options, they impinge on national security aspirations ; in the case of India they impact our very proximate concerns. It may also be noted that UK has never allowed defence spending to dip below 2% of GDP and despite the cuts continues to be the fourth largest defence spender in the world. The comparison with the USA need not even be made, since its budget is 20 times India’s size. In any case, allocations in terms of GDP percentages while being a useful economic metric, is not entirely reflective of combat value - Japan for example has in real terms a defence budget larger than that of India, even though in terms of GDP percentage it spends less than 1 %.
There is sometimes the veiled explanation that such cuts in India are not adhoc but are predicated on the basis of a credible threat perception, suggesting thereby that they are wise. If that is indeed the case there must be accountability in such assertions - the authors, wherever they reside must underwrite the basis. And one of the ways of doing so is by injecting greater precision, analysis and purpose into the national security dynamic through transparent strategic guidance. A good way to begin perhaps, would be by articulating a National Security Strategy (NSS) that outlines the diverse range of threats and spells out the likely tasks for numerous stakeholders as also the armed forces in as precise a manner as possible. A Strategic Defence Review (SDR) must follow to lay down as to how defence must develop credible capacities to respond and adapt to these threats and tasks while ensuring that the envisaged capacities are fully funded. The threats which cannot be met by military capacities and funding must be dealt with by greater engagement and suitable hedging strategies. Here, it is important to make two associated points. It is often suggested that it is in the Indian genius not to explicitly state as to what the threats are and how we intend to meet them - we do so without embracing an institutional, structural process. The logic is deficient and somewhat woolly – most mature democracies have found ways to spell out their national security concerns and aspirations in subtle ways while not revealing state secrets ; this helps in better threat identification and the creation of fully funded, credible capacities while concurrently imposing greater accountability with regard to the assertions about threat reduction. We may like tot do likewise. Further, such integrated and professional exercises will not only provide better bang for the buck, but will also by calibrating the bang and the buck to proximate and distant threats help in identifying capacities that we need today while deferring those that are not so urgent to some point in the future. By way of illustration, it is being opined that the paltry capital allocations that have been made available in BE 2013 – 14, will largely help the MMRCA deal to get through to the exclusion of other items on the inventory. The NSS and SDR should conjointly explore whether such a capability being acquired is what we need to address our most immediate threats and vulnerabilities. Or should the deal be suitably split / tranched to kick in something more critical like the artillery guns ? We need to make sure that we don’t end up spending monies on capacities that we might need in the distant future to the exclusion of those that we need for the proximate now. If we are building capacities for the conventional Chinese threat we need artillery guns, hardware for the infantry, assets for the army aviation and missilery along with the Rafales in a mix that is calibrated with the size of the economic pie. Merely Rafales will not be appropriate. There will be little point in creating an air force for the 2030s if you cannot fund for a possible land conflict in the more immediate future. And if a land conflict with China is highly unlikely in the near future somebody must underwrite the assertion - accountability must be kicked in.
In sum, there needs to be far greater thought, precision and coordination in the whole exercise of defence budgeting in order to optimise national security outcomes - the bottom line being that the defence services are not pushed into a fight for which they have not been funded, as also in order to ensure that they are not being funded and equipped for the wrong war. It may also be worthwhile to introspect as to who is to blame for the ham handedness of defence allocations.Pandit Nehru to assert to Parliament in 1959 that “At no time since our Independence, and of course before it, have our defence forces been in better condition , in finer fettle. Am quite confident that our defence forces are well capable of looking after our security,” laid bare the inaccuracy a few years later with humiliating consequences.
It is not too late even now. We could in the space of the next few months carry out a quick NSS / SDR based review identify the capacities that we need and push for the necessary funds / appropriate force structuring. If we do make a credible case, the mandarins in the finance ministry may just defer to logic and undo the cuts to plug the holes in our national security, or at least underwrite them with suitable hedging strategies.
The author is a renowned Defence Analyst. Views expressed are personal
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